Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: Alarming Faecal Coliform Levels in Ganga & Yamuna Spark NGT’s Outrage:

A Sacred Event Marred by Pollution

The ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj, one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, has been overshadowed by severe river pollution. Recent reports reveal that faecal coliform levels in the Ganga and Yamuna rivers have skyrocketed, posing serious health risks to millions of devotees. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has strongly criticized the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) for its failure to address the issue.

What is Faecal Coliform? Why is it Dangerous?

Faecal coliform bacteria are a subgroup of total coliform bacteria predominantly found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their presence in water is a strong indicator of contamination by sewage or animal waste. While not all coliform bacteria are harmful, their detection suggests the potential presence of pathogenic organisms such as

• E. coli – Causes severe diarrhea and kidney infections.

• Salmonella – Leads to typhoid fever and food poisoning.

• Viruses & Parasites – Can result in hepatitis, dysentery, and skin infections.

According to CPCB guidelines, the permissible limit for faecal coliform in bathing water is 2,500 MPN (most probable number) per 100 ml. However, the latest water samples from the Maha Kumbh Mela site show alarmingly high contamination levels, with some locations recording up to 49,000 MPN per 100 ml—nearly 20 times the safe limit!

CPCB’s Shocking Report on River Pollution

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) submitted a report to the NGT on February 3, 2025, highlighting:

• Massive faecal contamination in the Ganga and Yamuna.

• Failure of waste management despite prior warnings.

• Direct sewage discharge into the rivers due to inadequate sanitation facilities.

With millions of devotees taking ritualistic dips in the rivers, the contamination poses a major public health crisis, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis A.

NGT Slams UPPCB for Negligence

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has issued a stern warning to the UPPCB for its failure to prevent river pollution during the Maha Kumbh Mela. NGT Chairperson Justice Prakash Shrivastava lashed out at UPPCB officials, stating:

"Despite repeated warnings, the UPPCB has failed to take necessary precautions. The board has only submitted water test results without any concrete action plan. This negligence is unacceptable, especially during an event of such religious and public significance."

Following this, the NGT has:

• Summoned the UPPCB Member Secretary to appear before the tribunal on February 19, 2025.

• Demanded an immediate action plan to curb further pollution.

• Warned of strict penalties if corrective measures are not taken urgently.

Health Risks for Devotees and Residents

Doctors and environmentalists have raised alarms over the serious health hazards posed by the contaminated river water. Key concerns include:

• Skin infections due to exposure to toxic bacteria.

• Gastrointestinal diseases from swallowing polluted water. 

• Respiratory issues due to foul air near the riverbanks.

Medical professionals have reported an increase in cases of gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and other waterborne diseases among individuals who have bathed in the polluted waters. Dr. Rajesh Sharma, a senior consultant in internal medicine, noted, "We are observing a surge in patients presenting with symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, particularly among those returning from the Kumbh Mela." 

Dr. Jyotish Peeth Shankaracharya Swami Avimukteshwaranand Saraswati voiced concerns, stating:
"The government is promoting the Maha Kumbh Mela globally, but basic amenities like clean water are not being provided. This is a disgrace for such a sacred event."

Authorities' Response and Measures

In response to the NGT's directives and public health concerns, the Mela management authorities have initiated measures to mitigate water contamination. Efforts include the operation of temporary and permanent sewage treatment plants (STPs) designed to treat wastewater from over 150,000 toilets daily, ensuring zero discharge into the rivers. Despite these initiatives, challenges persist, as several STPs have been found operating beyond their installed capacities, and some have failed to meet regulatory standards. 

Public Advisory

Given the current situation, health experts advise pilgrims and residents to exercise caution. Recommendations include avoiding direct contact with river water, especially for bathing purposes, and ensuring the consumption of safe, treated drinking water. Dr. Sharma emphasizes, "It's crucial for individuals to be aware of the potential health risks associated with contaminated water and to take preventive measures accordingly."

Conclusion: What’s Next?

The upcoming NGT hearing on February 19 will be crucial in determining what action the UPPCB and state government will take to address this crisis. Immediate measures such as sewage treatment plants, stricter waste management, and water purification efforts are essential to protect both the environment and the millions of devotees attending the Maha Kumbh Mela.